Sleeping Tips For Teens - Help Your Child Tune Into Sleep

On any given day a teenager faces a busier schedule than some adults. You can find early starts to school, a mountain of homework, sports practice, extra-curricular activities so essential to college acceptance nowadays, part-time jobs and of course, their buddies. And staying in touch with pals is really a herculean task with the myriad of social tools accessible in between their cell phones and laptops. And all of these means over-worked, over-stimulated teens that might consider sleep a less-than-important priority.

Experts say that 80 percent of adolescents do not get the recommended sleep they require which is nine hours. To be fair, most adults barely accomplish that goal but the effects on teenagers may be a lot more serious. Studies show that lack of slumber in adolescents leads to lower school performance, reduced cognitive abilities and mood issues including depression.

And since quite a few exhausted parents head to bed before they can get their teenagers to sleep, they could possibly not be aware of the extent of sleep deprivation.

Owens quotes a poll by the National Sleep Foundation, which shows 90 % of parents believe their teenagers get adequate sleep at least a few nights a week, revealing what researchers see as a striking "awareness gap." More sleep cops would be superior, she argues - or at least rules that get teenagers in bed by, say, 10 or 11 p.m.

"There's undoubtedly a disconnect," she said.

To truly drive the point home, Canadian researchers tested teens using a medium they could really relate to - Guitar Hero! Since the game requires complex motor mastering, it's ideal for measuring the real-world effects of slumber on every day pursuits. Scientists from Trent University in Ontario found college students tested at 9 a.m. on a Guitar Hero song they learned at 9 p.m. the previous evening showed three times the improvement in efficiency scores compared with students in a "wakeful" condition who learned the song at 9 a.m. and were tested again at 9 p.m.

"We can still get better at something if we do not rest; it's not as if we won't remember things at all," says co-author Kevin Peters. "But this clearly shows that if you are not getting adequate rest, you're not going to be mastering as well as you could be."

Though this might not sound overly impressive, Peters says the results demonstrate a highly substantial link between sleep duration and motor learning.

So how to help your child have a restful night? Contemplate the following:

* Establish a bedtime. Yes, it might seem like childish punishment to a teenager but this lets a teen arrange their day's pursuits with a rest schedule in mind.

* Promote a healthy lifestyle. Keep your kids away from caffeine after school and strive your hardest to limit television, video games, computers, cell phones and stereos as the evening goes on.

* Create an environment conducive to rest. Turn off monitors and cell phones to decrease the quantity of artificial light. Invest in curtains and blinds to keep the room dark at night time but bright in the morning. Invest in comfortable bedding like bamboo sheets which are thermo-regulating and moisture wicking.

* Assist your teen with time-management abilities. Several teenagers have poor judgment about how long tasks will take, and end up staying up incredibly late to complete assignments.

* Attempt to stick to your sleep schedule on the weekends. It may be a treat to sleep in but staying in bed late into the morning just makes falling asleep on Sunday night a lot more tricky and getting back on track for the week can prove hard.

* Make sleeping clothes comfy. If your teen feels too old for pajamas, contemplate any tops and bottoms that are much less restrictive and breathable. Bamboo clothes are definitely worth looking into for the fabric's silky comfort and capability to breathe.

With these tips and an increased awareness for the need for sleep, parents can help their kids be healthful and alert for the new school year!

Ted Hughes' Final Book of Poetry - Birthday Letters - A Review

In "Birthday Letters," Ted Hughes final published book of poetry in his lifetime, the great poet reveals many intimate details of his life and marriage to his former wife- the late, great Sylvia Plath. If you are familiar with Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes, this collection of poems is a must have for your library. Those not familiar with the two literary greats would still enjoy this body of work as the poems are rich with description and emotion.

The poems have a deeply personal and confessional tone. The poet's voice is calm, yet below the surface the reader can sense the trouble Ted Hughes had being married to a manic-depressive woman who continually saw the world through a dark, negative and hostile lens. A poem or two also is about 'the other woman' for whom Ted Hughes left Sylvia Plath, who was the mother of his two children.

Ted began writing the collection of poetry soon after Sylvia Plath took her own life. The volume is a constant dialog that Ted Hughes had with his former wife up until the day he died. "Birthday Letters" was published two weeks before Ted Hughes' own death of natural causes. Some of the content was most likely edited as Ted Hughes was vilified for Sylvia Plath's death. What is left is a remarkable portrait still of the inner workings a man who understood his wife to a large degree and who simply had difficulty in accepting her and her illness. Many of the poems document specific scenes and occurrences that the two literary greats shared together. The 'snapshots' are a remarkable view into a very private world.

In conclusion, Ted Hughes only volume of poetry specifically relating to Sylvia Plath is a work unlike any other. The poems vividly portray a husband and wife living together, traveling, sightseeing, dining etc as most married couples do, combined with a confession of the deepest nature of a man who simply could not stay with the mother of his two children because of her angry, hostile depression. Ultimately, the marriage failed and Ted Hughes lived while Sylvia Plath died and the poems, "Birthday Letters" are what remain of the aftermath. They are a must have for any fan of modern poetry.

Low Cost Stress Relievers

We live in a world of constant motion and high demands. Parents feel obligated to commit their children to Karate lessons, music lessons, and sports activities. Our airwaves are bombarded with news about an ailing economy, stock market slumps, and terrorist threats. In addition, we have all those technological gadgets and social media commitments. The mental health community has come out with data about depression in teens due to competition on Facebook. Several have committed suicide over personal cyber attacks. The world was so much simpler years ago. We are simply not biologically capable of processing all that information. The high demands of computer usage, iPads, and other devices can put all our senses on overload.

So what can we do? How can we combat this constant barrage on our psyches? I have a few thoughts on creating a New and Positive You using simple low cost stress relievers.

1. Exercise: Many of us have sedentary jobs involving sitting at computers or working in offices performing jobs requiring little physical activity. Unless we are working outdoors lifting boulders all day long, most of us need to supplement jobs and other responsibilities with three to five thirty minute exercise sessions per week. Exercise raises levels of endorphins, enabling us to handle stress more competently. Researchers have found there are mental health benefits from exercise, including reduced stress and increased confidence. It helps prevent heart disease and may help reduce the chance of developing dementia.

2. Meditation: According to Dr. Shu, acupuncturist, meditating on positive images raises levels of neurotransmitters and can thus be a powerful antidote for depression. It also lowers blood pressure and stabilizes mood.

3. Stress relieving products:

A. chamomile tea
B. candles
C. Hiimalayan tea
D. Meditation CDS
E. Bubble baths

4. Reframing: One powerful way to recast negative events is to shine the light of positive energy on them. Thinking of a beautiful picture, or a soothing piece of music can ease the pain of trauma. In Cry Depression, Celebrate Recovery, I talk about soothing the pain of my father's alcoholism with memories of joyful family moments.

5. Music: All indigenous cultures include music in their ceremonial events. When groups get together in song and dance, they create a collective neurological brain symbiosis. As they dance, sing, and chant their energies begin to fall into sync and they create as a group. Song and movement enable individuals to integrate the five senses and ultimately help groups to form a solid spiritual sense of power. How does this translate into everyday use? Research has shown that just twenty minutes of listening to Mozart enhances spatial relationship abilities. The result is transient, lasting about ten minutes. If such a short exposure produces immediate results then one has to wonder if daily musical experience may result in long term brain health. Think of what our lives would be like with no music!

Quotes: Wellbeing involves more than eating right and exercising. "To reduce stress and be truly well, you need to take care of all six dimensions of wellness: physical, mental, emotional, social, vocational and spiritual. It can be a lot more fun than you think!" Kathleen Vessanbisi

Proverbs 17:22 puts it like this, "A happy heart is like a good medicine and a cheerful mind works healing." Notice, when we're good-natured and full of joy, taking time to laugh, taking time to play, it's like taking a good medicine. That's what helps us to stay healthy. In fact, medical science tells us that people that laugh, it boosts their immune system. Laughter reduces blood pressure. People that laugh regularly are 40% less likely to have a heart attack than people that don't laugh regularly. Laughter triggers the right side of the brain, which helps release creativity, helps us to make better decisions. Laughter activates the body's natural tranquilizers that not only help us to calm down but it helps us to sleep better. Joel Osteen

Stress can often come from unresolved issues surrounding trauma. James W. MacCartney in his new book, Crisis to Creation gives insight on how to transform post traumatic stress into post traumatic growth. I highly recommend this book as a powerful transformational tool. It is available on his websiteWWW.crisistorecreation.com. He and his wife Elke also go about the country speaking on this very important issue.

The Great Cappuccino Hype

For some, a regular cup of coffee is the perfect way to start the day. For others, a cappuccino or frozen coffee drink is a must. As a matter of fact the specialty drink is so popular that people are willing to wait in long lines and spend as much as $5 per a cup.

And while sipping on that favorite drink may seem heavenly, there's more than meets the eye! So, not only is that indulgence taking a chunk out of your pocketbook, it may also be affecting you your health.

For example:

o Caffeine is the main ingredient in every one of these specialty drinks. Caffeine is also very addictive. Once you're hooked it's very difficult to just give it up and there's almost always some side effect. Some side effects are headaches, dizziness, nervousness, irritability, anxiety and insomnia. Too much caffeine can lead to depression, hallucinations, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

o Milk is another main ingredient found in these specialty drinks. While many people may disagree that milk can be a danger to their health, they're also probably not aware of rBGH. rBGH is a growth hormone that is injected into cows to make them produce more milk. RHGB has been known to cause tumors in the breasts and possibly cause reproductive problems in women. The steroid may also increase the risk of some colon related problems. 

o Artificial sweeteners are often used in these specialty drinks due to its popularity of being known as a less fattening sugar alternative. Yet, artificial sweeteners are far worse than sugar because they're made with chemicals. Many of these sweeteners have been linked to manic depression, panic attacks, headaches, gastrointestinal problems, birth defects, Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.

o Artificial colors and flavors may also be used in these drinks because it makes them look and taste better. Plus it's often cheaper to use a fake flavoring rather than spend money on the real thing. However, artificial colors and flavors are nothing but man-made chemicals.

If the above still doesn't have you convinced, keep in mind that just one cappuccino or frozen iced coffee can contain as much as 700 calories per a cup and there's no nutritional value whatsoever. So, if you must indulge, keep it simple or simply make your own.

Fish Oil and Depression - Can Fish Oil Cure Depression?

There have been numerous studies conducted to prove the relationship between fish oil and depression, and so far the results have been quite encouraging. Depression is nothing new; it is in fact a normal occurrence in one's life, an expected reaction when unfortunate circumstances happen. There are indeed periods in your life when you would get depressed. Even the most mundane things can get you depressed, and that's still pretty okay as long as the reasons are deemed justifiable, but when your depressed state persists for a long time and when it already affects your state of mind and general well being, like when you are having one sleepless night to another, panic attacks, losing weight, and so on, you could already be suffering from manic depression. In such a case, medical attention may be required.

Lithium is the drug of choice for manic depression. Unfortunately, while it has been found effective, it does not come without annoying reactions such as tremors and weight gain. So scientists and health experts are looking into other alternative means so as to reduce one's dependence on drugs, and it looks like fish oil can be a possible treatment for this kind of problem. The oil from fish contains essential fatty acids, you see, which are believed to boost brain health, and stabilize the actions of the nerve cells, working in almost the same way as the anticonvulsant lithium.

These essential fatty acids in fish come in the form of Omega-3. Omega 3, as you know, is related to heart health as well, which makes its inclusion in the diet not just important but required. The thing is, it's not recommended that you eat fish every day, because of the presence of toxins in many varieties of fish. Besides, not every person glory in the thought of eating fish. So bank on other rich sources of Omega-3 such as flaxseed oil, olive oil, as well as green and leafy vegetables and yellow vegetables; make sure you get a good amount of these in your diet. Also, taking dietary supplements may be worth considering.

Word about the possible relationship between fish oil and depression gets around pretty quickly, encouraging manufactures to formulate products containing fish oil in the form of supplements. This supplement have already been processed so you can be assured that these are no longer contaminated with toxins. It has to be emphasized, however, that you should not take the supplements on your own, more so if you are already into some other anti-depression therapy. You cannot simply stop taking your current medications and replace them with fish oil supplements.

The best thing to do is to talk to your doctor about fish oil and the role of Omega-3. Manic depression is a condition that should not be taken lightly, and self-medication is never advisable in such a circumstance. Your doctor knows how much dosage of fish supplement you need to take.

Stocking up on the essential knowledge about fish oil and depression can help you on your way to recovery.

An Essential Depression Self Help Secret

Depression self help is absolutely essential to being free of depression. Even if you're taking antidepressants or are getting psychiatric care or therapy, if you don't practice self help, you won't enjoy the full recovery you deserve.

Here's a depression self help secret you can use to make depression a part of your past, not your future:

One of the fastest ways to get yourself into a state of anxiety or depression is to get lost in what I call the Valley of Overwhelmed. The Valley of Overwhelmed is also a place of stress and a place where confidence and self esteem have a tendency to disappear. The combination of stress and lack of confidence and low self esteem is a sure recipe for depression.

I spent over twenty years dealing with recurring severe depression and anxiety, and I always thought that when depression or anxiety hit me, it came out of nowhere. I was wrong.

I've since learned that depression, even what's known as clinical depression and even bipolar depression, and all forms of anxiety start with a thought. Yes, a thought.

Knowing this secret is the most important depression self help information in the world! In fact, I believe depression self help and other depression treatments will fail you if you don't know and act on this secret.

Now, before you get all excited, know that I'm not saying that these conditions aren't chemical. Because they are.

But that chemical reaction in your body doesn't come out of nowhere. It starts with a thought.

You do know that your mind and your body are connected, right?

Of course you do.

So here's how the Valley of Overwhelmed triggers depression.

When you have many problems or you have a lot to do or you have a lot to learn, it's easy to start feeling like it's too much. You have too much to do, too much not to do, too much to remember, too much to take on. The feeling that you can't handle what you need to handle is an incredibly paralyzing feeling.

It creates a thought of "Why bother? It's too much." Or "It's too scary." It's these thoughts that then trigger depression and anxiety.

So what can you do?

Here's the depression self help steps to healing that you must know:

First, make a decision. Commit to doing one thing to move yourself forward.

Second, take action. Do that one thing.

Third, keep your focus on your outcome, what you expect to have happen. Be clear about what you know you get to have.

Staying focused on your outcome and staying in action can keep you out of the Land of Overwhelmed. And staying out of the Land of Overwhelmed is the best depression self help you can give yourself.

Unsure Whether You Are Suffering From Clinical Depression?

According to psychiatrists, one is considered to be suffering from clinical depression when he or she succumbs to a deep feeling of sadness that lasts for a long time without any apparent reason. When a person finds himself or herself brooding all the time and is overcome with pessimistic and negative outlook towards just about anything, it may not necessarily mean that he has depression. For one to be concluded to be clinically depressed, this condition has to occur for a prolonged period of time. When a person feels that they are insignificant in life and will amount to nothing, despite all the signs to the contrary, then this could signal depression.

Let us examine a few types of depressions:

Bipolar - An abrupt change in one's metal stat. An example is when one moves from being very joyful to being very cynical.

Postpartum- This is common with expectant women who may suddenly be overcome with acute anxiety. These mothers may even reject their babies or say that they do not remember giving birth.

Dysthimia - This type is usually more moderate than the others. While it is not considered as serious as the others, it should nevertheless be treated as quickly as possible.

Cyclothemia - This is common with people who live a high-stress lifestyle. It used to be a rare type but is becoming very common. It also manifests in abrupt mood swings and extreme cynicism.

The Seasonal Affective Disorder - As the name suggests, this type of depression is seasonal (occurring in winters, summers, spring). Sometimes, people feel that they are stuck in a rut especially during winters. It is also characterized by sudden changes in mood during these.

Clinical depression is basically a medical term which the doctor will use more often to describe the mental state or the condition of the patient showing symptoms of depression. Clinical depression is actually a very common disorder and cannot be really classified as illness. In any case, the person affected must be administered to come or the other treatment to cure it.

The doctors advise that the person suffering from clinical depression should be treated as soon as possible. Although, it is a clinical disorder, it is curable if the right treatment s provided at the right time. Any person suffering from the same can easily recover and be in a state of good mental health after the completion of a proper treatment. The success rate for a patient being perfectly all right I above eighty percent which is quite positive. Thus people should never be ignorant of this disorder and should act responsibly by getting the proper treatment from a good therapist.

You might have some queries in the initial stages of your treatment or might just want to know about the problem and its treatment. For this purpose the health center should be your first choice. Of course, you can always consult books on psychiatry from any library. The easiest information access tool is internet, which is easily available and free. On the contrary, taking medication or subjecting yourself to treatment on internet without prior consultation of a psychiatrist is strictly not advisable. Clinical depression is one of the less sever forms of depression but still, care should be taken to undergo a treatment from an experienced therapist.

Using Electroconvulsive Therapy To Treat Bipolar Disorder - What Is It Really All About?

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also known as electroshock therapy, is a controversial medical treatment that induces a seizure by passing electricity through the patient's brain. ECT was a common psychiatric treatment until the late 20th century, when it fell into disuse as better drug therapies became readily available for more psychiatric conditions. It is now reserved for severe cases of depression in such illnesses as major depression and the depression associated with bipolar disorder. It can also be used to treat a manic episode.

It is believed that ECT works by using an electrical shock to cause a seizure (a short period of irregular brain activity). ECT may be given during an inpatient stay, or just for outpatient quick treatment. ECT is given up to three times a week. Usually no more than twelve treatments are needed. Treatment is given by a psychiatrist. This seizure releases many chemicals in the brain. These chemicals, called neurotransmitters, deliver messages from one brain cell to another. The release of these chemicals makes the brain cells work better. A person's mood will improve when his or her brain cells and chemical messengers work better.

In electroconvulsive therapy, an electric current is sent through the scalp to the brain. ECT is one of the fastest ways to relieve symptoms in people who suffer from mania or severe depression. ECT is generally used as a last resort when the illness does not respond to medication or therapy. It can be used when a patient cannot take medication, such as during pregnancy. It is also used when patients pose a severe threat to themselves or others and it is dangerous to wait until medication takes effect.

Prior to an ECT treatment, the patient is given a muscle relaxant and put under general anesthesia. ECT, when done correctly, will cause the patient to have a seizure, and the muscle relaxant is given to limit the size of the episode. Electrodes are placed on the patients scalp and a finely controlled electric current is applied that causes a brief seizure in the brain. Because the muscles are relaxed, the seizure will usually be limited to slight movement of the hands and feet. Patients are carefully monitored during the treatment. The patient awakens minutes later and does not remember the treatment or events surrounding the treatment.

Side effects may result from the anesthesia, the ECT treatment or both. Temporary short-term memory loss can be one of the side effects; this memory loss usually goes away one to two weeks after treatment. Some people may have longer-lasting problems with memory after ECT. General side effects like confusion, nausea, headache, and jaw pain are also common. These side effects may last up to several days after the procedure. In extremely rare cases, ECT can cause heart attack, stroke, or death. People with certain heart problems usually are not good candidates for ECT.

While the majority of psychiatrists believe that properly administered ECT is a safe and effective treatment for some conditions, a vocal minority of psychiatrists, former patients, antipsychiatry activists, and others strongly criticize the procedure as extremely harmful to patients' subsequent mental state. In the early days of use, ECT was administered without anaesthesia or muscle relaxants. Patients were frequently injured as a side effect of the induced seizure.

ECT has been commonly misused in the past, sometimes as a punishment for patients hospitalized in mental institutions. ECT was sometimes abused by unethical mental health professionals as a means of punishing and controlling unruly or uncooperative patients. Many people came to view ECT unfavorably after negative depictions of it in several books and films. The use of ECT is still a controversial.

Depression in Dogs - Reasons Why Dogs Can Get Depressed

Depression is a mayor health problem in people but dogs may get depressed too. There are seven key reasons for a dog to get depressed.

Depression is a symptom that something is really going wrong in the life of a dog.

Most often it is a sign that the dogs basic needs are not being met.

His needs to be in the company of those he loves maybe compromised if he loses a close companion which can be another dog or a primary human being.

Deep grief and sadness may follow such loss and the dog will need some time to get over the experience.

His vital need to be with his family maybe frustrated if he is shut away in a crate most of the time. He will suffer because he feels lonely and abandoned and thus may become depressive.

Since dogs bond with their owners at a very deep level they are affected by their owners emotional state. So much so that if his owner feels depressed and sad over a period of time his dog may also become depressed and unhappy.

Depression may be the aftermath of a traumatic life experience. If a dog has a history of neglect, abuse and abandonment he will most likely suffer from deep depression.

Depression occurs when an individual has to put up with adverse life conditions he or she can not avoid. In order to cope and survive the animal will distance himself from his environment and withdraw from it as much as possible.

Apart from those psychological reasons a dog may also show signs of depression if he is in constant pain due to an illness, as a result of nutritional deficiency or due to a malfunction of his thyroid gland.

How to Get Over Breakup Depression

The individuals might generally feel rotten after a break up. It is tough to get over a break up depression initially. However, one must understand that life has to go on no matter what might happen. Understanding this truth and practicality in life will help the individual to overcome the problems of a breakup easily. If you do not wish to work completely and wish to be alone, it might be a symptom that you can suffer from clinical depression. It is recommended to consult a psychologist or a family therapist who can help in bringing back the lost confidence in you.

• Talking to the persons you like and meeting new persons will help the healing process to go on in a better rate. Group therapy is the best medicine which can help you to overcome the depression.


• It is important to watch your diet to stay healthy. A healthy mind will be in a state to accept the new changes. If you find that you unusually eat less or more, it is recommended to stick to a healthy diet.


• You can try out things different to experiment the results. The thrill involved in new activities will help you to recover soon by making you forget the old incidents. It gives a better deviation from the usual walks of life.


• Exercise well and go for a jog daily. This will help you to breath fresh air that will pump in new lease of energy.


• Do not underestimate yourself. Do not let yourself to sink in the state of apathy. Work out a schedule with which you can keep yourself busy.


• Develop the sense of creativity and see that you are engaged in doing innovative things. This will develop huge amount of confidence in you. If you can follow the above said tips, it is not that difficult to get over a breakup depression.

Signs and Symptoms of Thyroid Problems

Millions of Americans suffer from thyroid problems. Some are aware of the problem and some are not. The reason for this is that many people, including physicians, consider that the signs and symptoms that you are experiencing could be caused by something else, when actually it is the thyroid causing the symptoms. They will consider that you must be depressed, just getting old, going through menopause, over-stressed, or that you are just dreaming up the problems. Well, you are not just dreaming.

I would like to give you some of the most common signs and symptoms of thyroid problems. If you find that you have experienced a good amount of these signs, then you need to contact your physician and get checked. If your physician is not willing to perform the test, then find another physician. Finding out and correcting a thyroid problem can drastically improve your quality of life. It is typically as easy as a simple blood test to find out if you have a problem.

Signs and Symptoms of an overactive thyroid include...

• Weight loss


• Anxiety/panic attacks


• Rapid pulse


• High blood pressure


• Sensitivity to heat


• Increased sweating


• Increased appetite


• Diarrhea


• Muscle weakness


• Insomnia

Signs and Symptoms of an underactive thyroid include...

• Obesity/Weight Gain


• Digestive problems/constipation


• Abdominal swelling


• Low body temperature/feeling cold


• Tired or weak feeling


• Difficulty concentrating


• Slow pulse/low blood pressure


• Skin changes


• Loss of hair


• Brittle nails


• Voice becomes more hoarse


• Menstrual changes


• Muscle and joint pain


• Depression


• Low Sex Drive


• Eye/Vision problems


• Dizziness


• Sleep apnea/Snoring

If you are concerned that you may have a thyroid problem, do yourself a favor and get yourself checked out. One of the biggest risk factors for thyroid problems is a family history of thyroid disease. Ask your relatives if they are aware of any history of this. Knowing this information would be very helpful to your physician. A family history is not the only risk factor for thyroid problems, though. Pituitary and hypothalamic disorders, family history of autoimmune or endocrine diseases, aging, menopause, certain side effects of drugs, iodine imbalances, alcohol during pregnancy, and many other things are risk factors for thyroid problems.

If you are not feeling like yourself and you haven't felt good for a length of time, take an inventory of what doesn't feel right. Take this information to your physician as well as information on any risk factors that apply to you. If your physician is hesitant to perform the test still, then consider finding another doctor. Your health is too important to ignore the signs and symptoms of thyroid problems.

Post Partum Depression - Fact, Fiction Or Theory?

Postpartum depression is a much more common problem than once thought with as many as 15% of new mothers suffering from symptoms of depression, bipolar disorder (also known as "Manic" Depression) to schizophrenia. Most cases of Postpartum depression are from new mothers, but it can affect a woman after any pregnancy, usually within three months after child birth.

Doctors don't really know what causes this type of disorder. There have have been many studies done and there are a few theories as to possible causes, but no hard facts, as of yet. Below are some of the theories resulting from many different studies done on this condition.

Some studies show that it could be caused by a sudden, dramatic change in the level of a woman's hormones. This is a distinct possibility considering that the body is taken from having such a large amount of hormones to literally being "brought back to reality" with her hormones returning to a normal level. This occurs very suddenly over the twenty four hour period following childbirth. This is similar to the mood changes a woman experiences when suffering from Pre-Menstrual Syndrome (PMS).

Other studies disagree. They tend to believe that it has something to do with the dramatic changes in the person's life by the stress of suddenly entering into motherhood. This is another possibility to consider as each person will react differently to different situations and different forms of stress.

Another study done shows that there are changes in thyroid hormones that bring about changes in women such as mood swings, anger, sadness and insomnia. This can be detected with blood tests and resolved by giving the patient medication to help get their hormone level back to normal.

Others say that the condition is brought on by the sudden shock of having all of the enormous responsibility that goes with having a child. Suddenly being responsible for the life of another human being is difficult for some women to grasp.

Another part of the difficulty is lack of sleep brought on by late night feedings and irregular sleep patterns, long periods of the baby crying and trying everything that they can think of to get the child to stop, without any results. This can bring on terrible feelings of guilt and thoughts of themselves as being a bad mother. This can lead to the mother feeling overwhelmed and helpless.

Another potential "trigger" to postpartum depression could be the amount of weight gain. This is a very sensitive topic for many women. Their self esteem could suffer from this, especially if they have a spouse or significant other that is not very supportive. They may have had high hopes of their body immediately returning to normal after giving birth, but may be faced with the reality that, for some, they're overweight for the first time in their life.

These are all just theories of course and will be until medical science can establish the truth, based on facts.

If you or anyone that you know is suffering from what you think may be postpartum depression, please seek medical attention as soon as possible. There may be treatments that your doctor can offer that will be helpful to get you or your loved one through this rough time in your life.

Black Books, A Little Known UK Comedy Gem

Black Books ran for three series of 6 episodes each, and its surreal and non mainstream style of comedy has led it to gaining somewhat of a cult following.

Black Books stars Irish comedian Dylan Moran as Bernard Black, a foul mouthed people hating alcoholic book shop owner, who hates his customers and treats them with contempt and loathing, and delights in physically and verbally abusing them at every opportunity. Also staring Bill Bailey as Manny Bianco, his long haired assistant and their friend Fran Katzenjammer played by Tamsin Greig, who runs the pretentious new age gift shop next door until she goes bankrupt at the end of season one.

Set in the main characters small independent London bookshop Called Black Books, the series follows the misadventures of the three main characters and is known for its off beat sense of humor, and bizarre situations.

During its run Black Books won several awards, picking up the BAFTA for best Situation Comedy in 2001 and 2005, and the Rose d'Or Light Entertainment Festival bronze rose for sitcom in 2001.

Black Books started as a one off show at a 1998 Channel 4 sitcom festival in Riverside Studios. In this early version, Fran was 'Valerie', a philosophy lecturer, and Manny (whose surname was then Zimmerman - a reference to the original name of musician Bob Dylan) was a professional depression-o-gram. The show was also decidedly darker, the pilot revolving around Bernard and later Manny's decision to commit suicide.

Black Books may be a little known comedy with a cult following, but in my opinion it can be favorably compared to much more famous and well known British series like Fawlty Towers, Steptoe and son and The Office in quality of writing and humor.

If you get the opportunity Black Books is a comedy series well worth getting to know, and I am sure It will not disappoint.

Natural Solutions For Depression

Over 1.4 million people in Canada suffer with depression at any given time and it is the second leading cause of long-term disability among workers. It is much more than simply a case of the blues or feeling down. It is a true medical condition that can range from mild to severe, with a significant impact on all aspects of one's life.

While prescription drugs play an important role in the treatment of this disease, many people can't tolerate the side effects and high costs. The good news is that there are several nutritional supplements that have been clinically studied and found beneficial for depression, without all the side effects seen with prescription drugs.

Depression is most often caused by a number of underlying factors, including:

繚 Environmental - exposure to chemicals that disrupt brain chemistry (cigarette smoking, heavy metals, prescription and recreational drugs)

繚 Nutritional - deficiency of vitamins (B12), minerals (magnesium) or essential fatty acids; food allergies

繚 Situational - stress, trauma, injury, divorce, job loss, death of a loved one

繚 Biological - imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the brain): dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine; or hormone imbalance (low estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, thyroid) such as post-partum depression

Conventional treatment of depression focuses on prescription drugs and psychiatric counseling. Anti-depressant drugs are divided into two major categories: tricyclic antidepressant drugs and the newer selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The SSRIs, which are most commonly used today, include fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram, paroxetine, and sertraline. While these drugs help some people, they are often over-prescribed - given out too easily and for those without true depression.

There are several concerns with anti-depressant drugs. First, they are associated with numerous side effects, such as nausea, weight gain/loss, headaches, anxiety, insomnia or drowsiness, diarrhea, sweating, tremor, and sexual dysfunction. Second, there are numerous possible drug interactions. Third, these drugs can be very costly. And lastly, these drugs are not effective for everyone. In fact, some estimates show that one-third of individuals taking these drugs will not be helped or are unable to tolerate the side effects.

Natural Solutions

Multivitamin

A quality multivitamin should be the foundation of your supplement program. Multivitamins provide us with essential nutrients that our body needs to function optimally. Certain factors increase our need for vitamins and minerals such as stress, poor diet, and use of prescription drugs that deplete nutrients. Having a deficiency of certain nutrients can affect energy levels, cognitive function, emotional well-being and many other aspects of health. Choose a multivitamin that contains antioxidants like pomegranate and blueberry. These super-antioxidants fight free radical damage and some research shows that they offer particular benefits to the brain.

S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe)

SAMe (pronounced Sammy) is a compound that is naturally produced in the body and involved in numerous biochemical reactions. SAMe increases the action of several brain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. SAMe enhances cell membrane fluidity and improves cellular communication between neurons. It is also involved in energy production in the brain by supporting the function of the mitochondria (powerhouse of cell). In addition, SAMe has antioxidant properties, protecting brain tissues against damage from free radicals. Together these actions support brain health and help alleviate depression.

Numerous clinical studies have shown SAMe to be safe and effective for depression. A report by The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, which reviewed 47 studies on SAMe for depression concluded that, "SAMe is more effective than placebo for relief of symptoms of depression" and "equivalent to standard therapy for depression."

Unlike antidepressant drugs, SAMe is very well tolerated. Side effects are rare and minor, including nausea and upset stomach. While some antidepressants cause liver damage, SAMe has been shown in many studies to be liver-protective.

SAMe has a rapid onset of action. Effects are often noticeable within one or two weeks compared to four weeks or longer for most antidepressants. One precaution with SAMe is that it is not recommended for use by those with bi-polar disorder (manic-depression) as it can worsen the manic symptoms. Those who are taking anti-depressant medications, pregnant or breast-feeding should consult with their doctor before taking SAMe. The usual recommended dosage is 400 to 1600 mg daily - start low and gradually increase if needed.

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

5-HTP is a substance used by the body to make serotonin. A few small studies have shown that it is effective for depression, and well tolerated. In one study 5-HTP was found equally effective to Prozac with fewer and less severe side effects. Possible side effects include upset stomach. The usual dosage is 100 mg three times daily.

Supportive Supplements

Fish Oil - rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential for the nervous system and support neurotransmitter function. Levels may be depleted in those with depression. Studies show benefits for depression, especially for those not getting adequate response to antidepressant drugs. Dosage: 3 to 9 grams daily.

L-theanine - an amino acid extracted from green tea. It reduces stress and anxiety without causing drowsiness or addiction; also improves sleep quality. It has a quick onset of action (30 minutes to one hour); no side effects. Dosage: 50 to 200 mg daily.

Final Thoughts

For optimal physical and emotional well being it is important to eat a healthy, whole-foods diet, get adequate sleep, exercise regularly and reduce stress. These lifestyle strategies can have a profound impact on emotional health.

If you or someone you know is suffering with depression it is important to seek professional help. Do not stop taking your medication unless advised by your health care provider. Abruptly stopping antidepressants can cause withdrawal symptoms. Discuss natural alternatives with your doctor.

Bipolar Warning Signs to Look For

Some family members or close friends may be able to help the person they care for recognize bipolar warning signs and take action to prevent full bipolar relapse. Not all people with bipolar disorder get these warning signs, but for those who do, involving a family member or close friend in helping to recognize and or respond to these bipolar signs can be very helpful. Warning signs of mania or hypomania are commonly easier to pick up than signs of bipolar depression.

What can the person with early warning signs of mania or hypomania do to prevent mania, hypomania and negative consequences?

• Seek early medical treatment and take prescribed medication to help them rest or sleep.
• Reduce stimulation (e.g. prioritize and do fewer tasks, avoid stimulating substances).
• Rest
• Take precautions to prevent risky behavior (e.g. temporarily give their credit cards to you or another carer/ caregiver for safekeeping to prevent reckless spending).

It can be very difficult for a person to go against their bipolar mood and use helpful illness management strategies. However, ignoring bipolar warning signs, for example doing stimulating things and lots of activities when becoming manic or hypomanic can make symptoms worse. In fact people with bipolar report that the best chance they have of preventing bipolar relapse is if they catch warning signs early before their symptoms are too severe. Family members and close friends can sometimes encourage helpful illness management strategies and create a calm, quiet environment to reduce stimulation when the person is becoming hypomanic or manic.

What can the person with warning signs of bipolar depression do to try to prevent their symptoms from getting worse?

• Consult their doctor.
• Be with supportive people.
• Schedule small activities (e.g activities that may give them pleasure or a sense of achievement or some physical exercise).
• Get organized and try to maintain a routine.
• Not sleep during the day and get up at the same time each morning.
• Not make important decisions about their life until they feel better.
• Talk about their negative thoughts with someone they trust.
• Get help if they feel suicidal.

What does not help with warning signs of depression is ignoring these signs and being inactive or self-medicating with alcohol or drugs. You may be able to help by inviting the person to do manageable activities together and talking things through with them.

Taking action early to prevent full bipolar episodes can make a difference. Close family and friends can often be the first to notice mood changes. However, misinterpreting mood fluctuations and behavior that are common to us all as part of bipolar disorder can be hurtful and frustrating. Also, constantly watching and questioning the person for signs of illness can affect your relationship and prevent them from enjoying times when they are well.

For some ideas about how to recognize bipolar warning signs and helpful ways to communicate with the person about them see: http://www.bipolarcaregivers.org/supporting-the-person/helping-with-bipolar-warning-signs

Bipolar Disorder in Babies and Young Children

Bipolar disorder is a stipulation that is often diagnosed only in teens and adults. However, the're rising instances of children and babies being diagnosed as bipolars. As a matter of fact, there are growing up children who're currently being treated for this illness. When mood swings are to be expected as a result of this disorder, it can be quite a challenge for parents and caregivers to take care of a bipolar child.

Understanding bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder is a medical illness that is characterized by marked changes in temperament, behavior and mood swings. Bipolar disorder is also called as manic depression. It is a rather serious condition but it might be treated through medications and therapy.

Symptoms of bipolar disorder include:

- irritability
- mood swings
- anger or rages
- destructive behavior
- separation anxiety
- melancholia
- no curiosity about play
- insomnia or difficulty in sleeping
- bed wetting
- nightmares
- restlessness and agitation
- extreme elation followed by extreme depression
- agitation
- cravings
- uncontrollable tantrums

The most key of treating and managing bipolar disorder is early diagnosis and intervention. The symptoms of this disorder can appear in infancy and bipolar babies might be checked early by a medical professional so the chasten treatment can be prescribed.

Is bipolar disorder common in babies?
The're no studies yet that will show how frequent the illness is among infants and youngsters. What's known, though, is that only as many as 2% of the adult population in the world have the disorder. It is in addition observed that children who have ADHD (attention deficit disorder) showed symptoms of bipolar as soon as possible in infancy.

Looking after the affairs of mood swings in bipolar babies
It is very important that a particular diagnosis is performed. Is so that any underlying conditions that may be causing the mood swings in the newborn child appears eliminated. This is because in a few cases, bipolar disorder can only be an element of a larger condition. A wrong diagnosis cannot only prevent an infant from getting the assist he/she deserves, his health could also be placed in jeopardy if medications that aren't appropriate for his condition are prescribed.

If bipolar disorder is indeed diagnosed, then it would be easier for the parents and the physician to discuss which types of treatments may be helpful for the child. It's important that parents understand the kind of demands expected from them when in comes to taking care of a bipolar baby. Therapies, medications, sure adjustments in diet and lifestyle, are merely some thing that they have to be mindful of.

Parents should likewise keep records of any improvements or distinct behavior in children throughout prescribed treatment period. During consultations with the physician, any new observations should be discussed.

Parents should in addition try to obtain updated information regarding bipolar disorder in babies. Apart from on the internet resources, there are likewise professional associations and groups that offer not just news, facts and statistics but also necessary support. Joining on the internet forums can in addition be helpful because many parents who have bipolar babies on their own frequently offer their private proactive advice, something that inexperienced parents will see valuable.

There's no reason why a bipolar baby suffering from mood swings at an adolescent age cannot age and become a healthy diet and regular exercise, fully functional adult. The chief is for parents to ensure early diagnosis and treatment and sufficient medical, emotional and physical support for the infant.

Depression and Candida

Depression, once a hidden epidemic has come to the forefront of our society. An abundance of research has emerged that validates depression as a real biological disease, rather than the character defect it was once thought of. Depression produces both physical and mental symptoms. "Depression Hurts" is the slogan for a one of the heavily promoted anti-depressants on the market and this is a very true statement. Some physical symptoms of depression include but are not limited to fatigue, persistent flu-like aches and pains, headaches, cramps, digestive problems and over- or under-eating. You can literally feel depression and it is not just all in your head.

It is estimated that nearly 20 million Americans suffer from clinical depression and women are much more likely to be affected than men. Coincidentally women are much more likely to be affected by another condition called candidiasis, and overgrowth of candida albicans in the body. One of the most common and debilitating symptoms of candidiasis is chronic depression. It is no surprise that a link between candidiasis and depression is being explored by researchers and alternative healthcare practitioners. This is not the say that candidiasis is the cause of depression but it seems to be a contributing factor for many. Genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies, endocrine disturbances and psychological stress and trauma are all contributing factors to depression. These same factors can also play a role in our susceptibility to candida overgrowth. These two disorders seem to go hand in hand.

The most common treatment for depression is a combination of medication and therapy. Medications for depression fall into three classes, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclics and atypical antidepressants. Therapy usually takes the form of the cognitive behavioral type in order to work on changing negative or distorted thinking that may be contributing to the depression. Although both therapy and medication have been extremely effective in treating depression for many sometimes it is not enough.

Additionally if candida overgrowth is the underlying cause of the depression taking a medication is like putting a band aid on the problem but the problem will never help underneath that band aid. Addressing the root cause whenever possible is the most effective way to combat disease. If your depression is accompanied by other symptoms of candidiasis seeking alternative treatments may be warranted. The main component for the treatment of candida overgrowth is the Candida Diet. Following this diet could help you alleviate symptoms of depression.

Major Depression and Mania That Is Associated With Bipolar

Bipolar disorder used to be known simply as manic depression. It is a psychological mood disorder that greatly impairs a person's ability to regulate their mood. As such, these people are prone to episodes of major depression and mania.

Understanding Major Depression

There are a lot of different types of depression. Many people experience some type of depression whenever they are faced with significant disappointment or grief. This is known as minor depression. Bipolar patients suffer from what is known as major depression. Psychologists refer this to as bipolar depression. Some of the signs of major depression include:

• Depressed mood


• Diminished interest or pleasure in all or most activities


• Persistent change in weight or appetite


• Insomnia or hyposomnia


• Psychomotor agitation or retardation


• Fatigue or loss of energy


• Feelings of worthlessness


• Excessive or inappropriate guilt


• Difficulty thinking


• Inability to concentrate


• Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

These occur over a prolonged period of time on a daily, or near daily, basis.

Understanding Mania

The DSM, which is the main diagnostic manual that mental health professionals use, says that in order to be diagnosed as bipolar you must have at least one manic episode that is not caused by drug or alcohol abuse, medication or a medical disorder. It is also important to understand that mania is different from being in a really good mood. Mania is an abnormally elevated mood that includes the following symptoms:

• Racing thoughts


• Fast or pressured speech


• Irritability


• Inflated self-esteem


• Grandiosity


• Decreased need for sleep


• Easily distracted


• An increase in goal-directed behavior


• Psychomotor agitation


• Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for negative consequences

In Conclusion

While everyone may experience some of these symptoms from time to time, a person with bipolar disorder will have several of these symptoms all at the same time. Of course, some people will have substantial separate episodes of mania and depression throughout their lives. Some people are more prone to bouts of depression while others are more prone to bouts of manic episodes. These episodes oftentimes seem like diametric opposites to people who don't have this disorder, but it is important to note that bipolar patients can even experience both mania and depression at the same time. This is what is known as a mixed episode.

The goal should be to educate ourselves about bipolar disorder, so we can help others in the future that suffer from this disease.

Postpartum Depression Scale - The Postpartum Depression Scale Defined

It is common to confuse simple "baby blues" with postpartum depression, but it happens all the time. Baby blues are very common, and happen when the mother feels conflicting feelings where she is happy that the baby has arrived and at the same time is very sad as well; this happens, even though everyone around is celebrating the new arrival.

Baby blues usually happen around 24 hours after childbirth and are characterized by feeling empty, sad and upset. One can have disturbed sleep, have difficulty sleeping at all, experience extreme crying spells, and can be exceptionally emotional with the baby blues.

Symptoms are at their worst between three to five days after the baby is born and can last up to two weeks.

However, postpartum depression is different. It lasts much longer than baby blues do, from six months to a year. Postpartum depression is also much more intense than baby blues are.

Baby blues are very common and do not interfere with the mothers' ability to take care of the baby or to go about normal daily life. However, postpartum depression can be extremely crippling and can stop normal life.

The depression itself can leave a woman emotionally fatigued and physically drained.

Following are some of the symptoms of postpartum depression, and should be watched out for:

* Having extreme mood swings and emotional fluctuations
* Being unable to sleep
* Being unable to enjoy your new baby
* Being unable to enjoy activities you did previously
* Being very fatigued
* Having fluctuations in appetite
* Feeling inadequate as a parent and spouse
* Having negative thoughts about yourself, and/or the baby
* Being suicidal, and/or thinking of harming the baby

There are times as well when postpartum depression can be severe enough that it can become postpartum psychosis. With postpartum psychosis, a new mother may become delusional, may become severely depressed, or may even start hallucinating.

Health centers in Edinburgh and Livingston have developed what is called the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; also called the "postpartum depression scale," this scale helps to detect possible postpartum depression in mothers.

If you or your health care provider suspects that you may be suffering from postpartum depression, you will be asked some questions from the scale, such as how long you have had the depression, how intense it is, any previous history of depression you have had, any substance abuse problems you have had, any marital problems you may be having, or any other discord or form of stress you may be experiencing now, so that conclusions can be drawn.

You will also be asked to take what is called a "postpartum depression scale test."

The latter is a questionnaire that has 10 statements, each with four possible answers. If you are asked to take this test, you will be asked to identify what you have felt in the past week, that just previous to the time you take the test.

If your score is higher than 92%, it is likely that you are severely depressed. Ideally, this test should be taken between six to eight weeks after you have given birth, and it should be completed by you (or the mother who has given birth, as applicable) without first discussing answers with anyone.

In addition to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, there is also the PPD Screening Scale Test. This scale test has 35 items on it that you grade from a scale, ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree."

After the test is taken, the physician should be consulted so that proper decisions and treatment can be discussed and applied.

Depression in Pregnant Women - Signs and Symptoms

Although pregnancy depression has always existed, it is only in recent years that it has been acknowledged as a medical problem, and that women have been allowed to talk about it without shame. Many women will suffer from some level of depression during their pregnancy. In some, it can become a very serious problem.

If signs of depression are ruining what should be a happy and wonderful time in your life, do not hesitate to talk to your doctor. Help is available, and keeping yourself happy and mentally healthy is just as important to your baby as your physical well-being.

There are some major risk factors that may predispose a woman to depression. When deciding when to get pregnant, it's a good idea to avoid very stressful times in your life, such as financial problems, major life changes, and relationship issues. These can all be risk factors for depression. Other common risk factors in pregnant women are a history of infertility, previous miscarriages, and a history of depression prior to pregnancy.

From the time you experience the first signs of being pregnant, you may also see some signs of depression. It can occur at any point in your pregnancy. As hormones fluctuate throughout the three pregnancy stages, depression may come and go.

Symptoms of depression include feelings of sadness or hopelessness, extreme fatigue, changes in sleeping and eating patterns, long periods of crying, irritability or moodiness, and difficulty concentrating. If any of these symptoms sound familiar to you, it is possible you are suffering from pregnancy depression and not just normal pregnancy mood swings.

Remember, getting help is the best thing you can do for yourself and your baby.

How Does Music Therapy Relate to Bipolar Disorder?

"A mental disorder is a classified as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome that occurs and that is associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom." (Peters, 2000). Although mental disorders may have a variety of manifestations and degrees of severity, they all are characterized by persistent, abnormal patterns of problem behaviors. These clients are sometimes described as having behavior disorders or behavioral disorders. Mental illnesses and disorders traditionally have been classified into two broad categories of neuroses and psychoses. A neurosis is a mental disorder primarily characterized by anxiety. This anxiety may be experienced directly and be the main manifestation of the disorder or it may be unconsciously controlled or modified to produce other distressing symptoms. A psychosis is a more severe mental disorder that is primarily characterized by loss of contact with reality. Individuals who have psychoses have delusions, hallucinations and an impaired ability to test reality. For many, a mental disorder can hinder a person from keeping a job, family, relationships and sanity. The psychiatric problems that occur in adults are more likely to be associated with the stresses of everyday adaptation or a more chronic reaction resulting from distress over a longer period of time. What many people don't know is that someone can in fact live a relatively normal life with the help of many therapies, such as music therapy to be specific.

"Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks." (2008). Symptoms of bipolar disorder are severe. They are different from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through from time to time. Bipolar disorder symptoms can result in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance and even suicide. But bipolar disorder can be treated and people with this illness can lead full and productive lives. Bipolar disorder often develops in a person's late teens or early adult years. At least half of all cases start before age 25. "In the acute phases of their illness, adults who have mental or behavioral disorders often display behaviors of intense confusion, agitation, excitability, fearfulness or withdrawal. They have a need to learn and develop positive coping mechanisms to deal with the stresses and responsibility of daily life." (Peters, 2000). Some people have their first symptoms during childhood, while others may develop symptoms late in life. For example, Maria is a seventeen year old who has been suffering with bipolar disorder for two years. Her ups and down cycle average from two to three months. For the first couple of months, she is in a hypo maniac state where she goes out everyday, shops, spends excessive amounts of money, wears make up and loses a large amount of weight. The next couple of months she locks herself in her room, binge eats, gains weight, cries and completely cuts her connections with the outside world. Due to this unstable cycle, she has dropped regular school and had tried to take up homeschooling, lost all friends, unable to work for an allowance and feels worthless and hateful toward herself most of the time. Her battle with bipolar disorder has made it impossible for her to continue therapy for longer than a month at a time.

"During a depressive episode, the person has a persistent depressed mood (most of the day and nearly everyday) and several other symptoms such as diminished interest in activities that are generally enjoyable, changes in appetite or weight, changes in sleep patterns, agitation or lack of energy, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and thinking clearly and thoughts of suicide. Symptoms may develop at a time of personal crisis but people can also feel depressed for no apparent reason." (Davis, 1999). Most of the time, the symptoms can be nothing mysterious and can have a minimal effect on a person's life. But, overtime, the episodes can get increasingly worse for longer periods of time. In a severe state, a person can become psychotic and the episode can last for up to six months if it is left untreated.

"During a manic episode, people may have decreased need for sleep, their thoughts may race and they may be extremely talkative. They may engage in wild spending sprees or take on unrealistic tasks." (Davis, 1999). For the most part, a manic episode can be just as hurtful to a person as a depressive episode, if not more. During these times of feeling up and energized, it may seem that a person does not need their medication and that can lead to many more issues to a person with bipolar disorder. While treating these times, it can also help the person from not making poor decisions and having to deal with the repercussions later on during a depressive episode. Many of these symptoms are also present in a hypo manic episode. A hypo manic episode is similar to a manic episode, but the symptoms may be experienced to a lesser extent and do not normally affect a person in their daily life.

"Music therapy is defined as a planned, goal-directed process of interaction and evaluation of individual client's specific needs, strengths, and weaknesses, in which music or music-based experiences are specifically prescribed to be used by specifically trained personnel to influence positive changes in an individual's condition, skills, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors." (Peters, 2000). It is a process that takes place over time and involves growth, change, and development. The process of music therapy may include various musical, creative, artistic, therapeutic, developmental, educational, interpersonal, behavioral and scientific components as music therapist and client interact over time in both musical and non-musical areas. Under the direction of a trained music therapist, the music based experiences become potent therapeutic tools that can predictably and effectively influence positive changes in an individual's condition, skills, thoughts, feelings or behaviors. Once a client has been assessed, evaluated, and individual therapeutic goals have been formulated, the music therapist designs a series of specific music and rhythm-based experiences that will help the client reach these goals and objectives. Music therapists often work directly with other professionals on medical or educational treatment teams. When they work in teams, these specialists meet together and decide how to coordinate their services in a way that will best help the client meet certain therapeutic goals. Treatment for psychiatric disorders often involves a combination of approaches and interventions including a structured environment, a regime of medication, a variety of psychotherapeutic interventions and a program of activity therapies. It is important to remember that individuals with mental disorders are unique and no one treatment or combination of treatments will be right for every person in therapy. Therapists who follow a humanistic approach give unconditional acceptance to the client with genuine caring, acceptance, understanding, and respect. The therapist helps the client move beyond defenses and mental or emotional blocks to confront the basic questions of life, find meaning and move to a higher level of functioning. Therapeutic techniques are experimental, oriented to building a trusting relationship, and are designed to help the client make choices, build an internal frame of reference and take personal responsibility to find purpose and meaning in life.

There are many songs that can be beneficial for people with bipolar disorder to listen to when going through a difficult time in their life. When choosing songs in a therapy environment, it is important to look at the lyrics to see if they are sending the right message to the clients. Some songs that would be beneficial for a therapist to use in a session are Keep Breathing, Empty Bottle, and A Birds Song by Ingrid Michaelson, It's Only Life by Kate Voegel, If No One Will Listen by Keri Noble, Angel by Sarah McLaughlin, Amazing Grace, Beauty From Pain and Stand in the Rain by Superchick, Hope and Joy, On I Fight by Joy Ike, Give it Time by Jon McLaughlin, Keep Holding On by Avril Lavine, Lean on Me by Bill Withers, and Quiet Your Mind by Zac Brown Band. Each of these songs has inspiring lyrics to keep therapy enjoyable and encouraging. For relaxation purposes the songs Keep Breathing, Amazing Grace, and Angel are an excelled choice because of their simple melodies and graceful accompaniment that will enable you to focus on what is going on with you and will also enable you to do simple movement exercises. The songs Beauty From Pain, A Birds Song, Keep Holding On, On I Fight, Give It Time, If No One Will Listen, Quiet Your Mind, and It's Only Life are a good choice for encouraging clients because of the lyrics saying how things will get better and how you have to keep pushing through all of the hard times that are in a clients way. The remainder of the songs is just good to have in therapy because of the messages that they give through the lyrics.

In conclusion, bipolar disorder can have crippling effects on people's lives, but with music therapy, there can be hope. The field of adult psychiatry deals with preventing and treating mental, emotional and behavioral disorders in adults. Although psychiatric illnesses and disorders may vary greatly in severity and exact type of symptoms manifested, they all are characterized by persistent, abnormal, patterns of behavior. Music therapy is a non-invasive way to make connections with a therapist and communicate without being in an environment where it can be intimidating. With the right interventions and a good relationship with a therapist, the road of therapy can be very successful.

Overcoming Depression Biblically and Naturally

PURPOSE OF ARTICLE

The Bible has much to say about depression; interestingly, the causes and solutions are not what are commonly thought in Christian circles. This article will offer insights that may help erase the stigma
associated with depression and to see it in a new light. When seen correctly, there is no more stigma or shame associated with depression than any other illness.

UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSION

What is Depression: Depression is a prolonged emotional tone dominating an individual's outlook and mood. Normal moods of sadness, grief, and elation are typically short-lived and part of
everyday life, but these can progress into a depressed mental state. Other symptoms often accompany depression but the most common symptoms of major depression are:1

• deep sadness or emptiness,
  


• apathy, loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities,
  


• agitation or restlessness, physical hyperactivity or inactivity,
  


• sleep disturbances,
  


• weight/appetite disturbances,
  


• diminished ability to think or concentrate,
  


• feelings of excessive guilt, self-reproach or worthlessness,
  


• feelings of fatigue or loss of energy, and
  


• morbid thoughts of death or suicide.
  

If a person experiences at least five of these symptoms for one month they have major depression. Mild depression would typically be defined as having two to four of these symptoms for over one month. Bipolar disorder (manic depression) includes swings from deeply depressive moods to wildly manic moods (elation, irritability, hostility, inflated thoughts of self, boasting)--with many intensities and
variations.

Biblical Occurrences: Depression is the ascendancy and tyranny of our emotions over our lives. Thus, Proverbs 15:13 says, "A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance; but by sorrow of the
heart the spirit is broken." Often an initiating discouragement leads to sadness, which leads to prolonged grief, and then into a downhill spiral to depression. Depression is a universal problem, but no
one really knows if Biblical characters had what we call depression, or if it would be more appropriate to say they suffered emotionally. However, Paul in I Corinthians 10:13 says, "There hath no
temptation taken you but such as is common to man; but God is faithful who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able...". Temptation can mean trial, calamity, or affliction. Accordingly, we should understand that our present day afflictions were also common to the
great Bible characters.

David was overwhelmed with grief and sadness, his heart was desolate, and his tears fell all night (Psa. 61:2, 77:2-3, 142:4, and 143:4). Jonah, Jeremiah (Jer. 15), Job, and Elijah (I Kings 19) are other
examples. Whenever characters express rejection, loneliness, self-pity, hopelessness, overwhelming grief, and wish they had not been born, it seems they are expressing more than temporary sadness but
classic symptoms of major depression. Paul had classic symptoms: his flesh had no rest, he was troubled on all sides, he was cast down, he had fears within, and he despaired of life (II Cor. 1:8 & 7:5-6).
Hannah (I Samuel 1) had many of the symptoms of depression and her spiritual leader instantly and incorrectly accused her of a spiritual problem.

Depression Considerations: Each year depression strikes ten million people in the United States. Older Christians have more depression than younger; does this mean that spiritual maturity is
of no avail? No, what this indicates is that older people have more biochemical and brain malfunctions as they age; depression is a natural consequence. Similarly, more women (two to three times) have depression than men. Women do not have more spiritual problems than men, but they do process adverse events differently than men, and, they have a complex body chemistry that can get out of
balance, both leading to depression. Women tend to take adverse events and internalize them and take the blame--this is a thought-processing problem. Men tend to react to the same events with escapism (sports, TV, sexual obsessions, alcohol); which can later result in heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, etc.--again, a thought-processing problem but with different results. There is another difference: women tend to feel their depression (sadness/guilt) while men act it out in their behavior (rage, hostility and frustration).2

Causes: Understanding the causes of depression is very helpful to finding the solution. It is rare that there is only one causative agent, generally there are several at work. Listed below (no specific order) are some factors known to contribute to depression:3 4 5

• nutrient deficiency or excess
  


• drugs (prescription, illicit, caffeine)
  


• hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
  


• hormonal imbalances
  


• allergies
  


• heavy metals
  


• sexual abuse as a child
  


• microbial overgrowths/toxins
  


• medical conditions (stroke, heart disease, cancer, Parkinson's, diabetes, thyroid)
  


• natural light deprivation
  


• psychological factors (generally poor thought-processing)
  


• spiritual factors
  

Depression can have its source in our body, soul or spirit. Our body can affect our soul and spirit and vice versa. For example: if one has a low thyroid function it may affect the soul (for example the emotions) leading to depression which then affects one's spiritual life. Affecting our spiritual life does not mean it changes our standing or position in Christ, it means things like a less productive outreach/ministry and a more self-oriented prayer life.

There is now no question that reductions in frontal lobe function lie at the core of depression. Complimenting this research is the finding that depressed children have significantly smaller frontal
lobes than non-depressed children. The evidence indicates that frontal lobe problems are the cause and not the effect. The frontal lobe's proper function requires adequate blood flow and nerve chemistry.

As fog veils a beautiful meadow, so depression clouds life itself; existence becomes dreary and dark. It has been described as darkness visible. One can go to bed feeling fine only to wake with an overwhelming gloom that cannot be explained or escaped. With proper nutrition, lifestyle changes and a renewed way of processing the events of our lives we can break through that fog into a sunny day.

Consequences: Now that it is clear that depression is related to many factors, primarily to frontal lobe malfunction, let's consider the consequences of depression. Depression weakens the immune
system's power to attack cancer cells, increases the risk of fatal stroke by 50%, increases the risk of sudden cardiac death in heart attack survivors by 250%, and increases the complications of pneumonia.3 It has been found that depression increase stress hormone levels,
hypertension, and headaches; it complicates diabetes and is the leading cause of suicide (its close relative). The point is clear, depression should be addressed early or it may lead to fatal consequences.
However, because of their illness depressed persons have diminished ability to combat their own disease, so help is often needed to lift them out of the pit of despair.

How the Brain Works: By God's design, all brain activity (every thought, feeling and emotion, every order the brain sends to the organs and cells) is the product of electrochemical signals. The
brain's electrical signals require a chemical to carry the signal across a small opening (synapse) between cells. The chemicals used to do this are called neurotransmitters. To have a properly functioning system
we need an adequate amount of neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitter most commonly associated with depression is serotonin.

Depressed people have low serotonin levels. Thus, they have impaired brain message sending, especially relating to emotions and mood. Serotonin is produced in the brain from tryptophan (a protein), which is converted into 5-HTP, and then into serotonin. Some serotonin is converted into melatonin, the hormone needed for proper sleep (thus the connection between depression and sleep disorders). One cause of low serotonin is the lack of an enzyme that converts tryptophan to 5-HTP.1 Before proceeding, just think how unfair it would be to tell a depressed person that is missing this needed
enzyme that they have a spiritual problem. As a doctor told a dear sister in Christ who just could not understand why she could not get over her depression, "quit beating yourself up about it, your body
just does not produce enough serotonin."

THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS

Botanical Medicines: The Scripture makes it clear that because of sin the earth today is not yielding its strength (Gen. 4:12). As a result of this Romans 8:22 says, "For we know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now." Knowing this, the Lord has made special provisions for us. Psalms 104:14 says, "...and herb for the service of man:...", which means the botanical (herbal) kingdom was designed for the many services of humans, including medicine.

Often herbal products are slower acting than pharmaceutical medications, but the advantages of herbal supplements is that they can often affect a cure (rather than just address symptoms) and the side effects are minor compared to pharmaceutical drugs. Herbs can be considered the medicine from God's
pharmacy. The most important and well tested herbs to consider in connection with depression are:1 4

• St. John's Wort (SJW): relieves depression, anxiety, apathy, sleep disturbance, anorexia, and feeling of worthlessness. All these symptoms are caused by low serotonin and SJW increases the level of serotonin in the brain.
  


• Ginkgo biloba: improves blood flow and function of the frontal lobe. Ginkgo increases the ability of serotonin to do its job in the brain.
  


• 5-HTP: a plant extract that is just one step from becoming serotonin--the brain readily makes this conversion. It raises the level of serotonin and other brain neurotransmitters. This product overcomes the genetic problem that does not allow for the conversion of tryptophan to 5-HTP.
  

Pharmaceutical Medications: There are times when medications can save a person's life. If botanical medicines do not work (in conjunction with the lifestyle, thought processing, and consideration of other causes) then medications are an option. A short-term use of antidepressant drugs may be needed in order to get the mind operating sufficiently well so that a person can function. Medications generally work by keeping serotonin (or other neurotransmitters) at adequate levels in the brain's synapses. They do not help create increased blood flow or frontal lobe function.

Nutrition: A deficiency of any single nutrient can alter brain function and lead to depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders. The most common deficiencies are folic acid, vitamin B12 and B6.
An insufficiency of Omega 3 fatty acids (oils) has been linked to depression. Low Omega 3 oils result in cells throughout the body and brain that do not function correctly, and the mind suffers. The needed Omega 3 oils are found in fish oils and flaxseed oil.1 3 4 5 6

The diet for helping to prevent and correct depression is based upon Biblical insights:

• Increase the consumption of fiber-rich plant foods (fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, and raw nuts and seeds).
  


• Avoid alcohol, caffeine, and other stimulants; also avoid foods that cause allergic symptoms.
  


• A good diet is: low protein, high fiber, low-moderate fat, and high complex carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates do not include simple carbohydrates (processed foods, snack foods, white bread, soda). Raw fruit has simple carbohydrates but is good because of the fiber, enzymes and antioxidants.
  


• Atkins type diets are poor; they actually lead to depression since carbohydrates are needed to get tryptophan into the brain.
  


• Foods high in tryptophan should be consumed regularly: soy flour, meats/poultry (turkey and chicken), tofu, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, raw nuts, eggs, lentils, and garbanzo beans.
  


• A good snack before going to bed would be a turkey sandwich on whole grain bread (there is tryptophan in the turkey and the whole grain bread will help keep sugar levels stable and help get the
  tryptophan get into the brain).
  

Rule to live by: Eat foods as close to the way God created them as possible: raw, whole, and unprocessed. He created vegetables, fruit, nuts, seeds, etc. He did not create processed
foods or animal meat full of antibiotics and hormones. Humans cannot improve upon God's bounty!

Lifestyle: Regular exercise and sleep are essential to combat depression. Exercise at least 30 minutes four times a week. One does not have to jog: but walking, biking, tennis, swimming, gardening, active house/yard work are great. Regular exercise takes time for the effects to be felt, sometimes weeks.

We each have an internal clock that operates on a roughly 24-hour schedule (circadian rhythm). Even mentally healthy people can become depressed if the circadian rhythms are significantly disturbed. Seasonal Affective Disorder is common in the winter months in northern climates because the lack of natural sunlight disrupts these rhythms. Direct exposure to bright full spectrum light can help, or, the serotonin boosting botanical medicines.

A common factor leading to depression is hypoglycemia (low blood sugar); the brain requires a constant supply of blood sugar to function properly. Thyroid insufficiency also causes depression. Women with post-partum depression and those approaching menopause (symptoms often start by mid-30 age) are subject to hormonal disturbances that lead to depression.1 5 7

Biblical Thought-Processing: How we handle bad or disappointing news has a profound effect upon our mental well-being. As long as we believe we are victims, we are not able to achieve full mental health.9 Positive thinking is more important for overall health than almost anything else. Negative thinking, on the contrary, can destroy the good done by correct diet and lifestyle.10 Many depressed people have a tendency to look at the down side of life. It has been said that it is a positive duty to resist melancholy and discontented thoughts as much as it is our duty to pray. Certainly there will always be things in this imperfect world that give us cause to complain.

Often we are helpless to personally do anything about many of these negative things. However, we can focus our mind on the enjoyable and wonderful things of life; this is scriptural, uplifting and therapeutic.

In our self-talk (how we silently talk and think to ourselves) we must replace the negative/compulsive thoughts with Philippians 4:8. But each person must search-out those things that are true, honest, just, pure, etc.--that is the purpose of meditating on God's Word. As soon as the conscious awareness of an unconstructive negative thought is realized, a positive thought must immediately replace it. This takes practice and preparation, but brings our thinking into captivity. The instruction of II Corinthians 10:5 & 6 is, "...and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ. And having in a readiness to revenge all disobedience, when your obedience is fulfilled." Applying these words to ourselves, we cannot allow ourselves to entertain negative thoughts, even if true, even if we have been wronged (Prov. 12:25, 15:13, 18:14). Nor can we entertain compulsive thoughts (thoughts that just keep running over and over again in our mind even though they may not be negative in nature).

The essential basics of cognitive behavioral therapy are shown below; each person should provide their own verses to make them more personal and meaningful. Whether in the natural world or in the realm of the mind, science comes to the same conclusion as revealed in the Bible 2000 years ago.

1. Locate and identify the negative thoughts or misbelief in your self-talk. "I am no good because things are not like what I expect or want."
   


2. Argue against the negative thoughts. "I am not a failure just because I do not meet unrealistic expectations of myself or others."
   


3. Learn how to avoid rumination (the constant churning of thoughts in one's mind) by immediately changing your thoughts.
   


4. Replace the negative thoughts the very second they occur with the truth and with empowering positive thoughts and beliefs. "In spite of the sorrow, disappointments and feelings I experience
   the Lord will help me carry on."8
   

Finally, Philippians 3:13 & 14 says, "...but this one thing I do, forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those things which are before, I press toward the mark for the prize of
the high calling of God in Christ Jesus." Paul is using a runner's analogy to put the past and future in their proper perspective. He says that runners in a race cannot look back to see where the other
runners are, for if they do they may stumble or get out of their lane and be disqualified. A runner can only look ahead and stretch forward, making the focus the finish line, not what may be behind.

We are on a track, running life's race. The most incredible thing is that each Christian is the only person on his/her track. One does not have to be all that fast, but steady. The only thing that is behind us on our track is our past (forgetting those things that are behind), with its failures, abuses, hurts, regrets, accomplishments, or fame. If you have your eye on the prize the past cannot hurt/catch you. The past contains the thoughts that Paul says to forget about, certainly do not ruminate about them, if you do you will stumble (have mental problems). He implies a Christian's greatest point of failure in running the race is letting the past keep him/her from running well. Look ahead, stretch forward toward a new day and thank God for all you have in Christ Jesus our Lord.

Spiritual Direction: Depression can have a spiritual source if we live in sin, harbor anger or resentment, etc. We have to be willing to forgive (make the unnatural decision to let someone "off
the hook" even though they do not ask or deserve it) just as God for Christ's sake has forgiven us, Ephesians 4:32. (Note, we forgive because we already have been forgiven, not to be forgiven as is the
case in the Gospels.)

Regular spiritual exercise (reading, studying, praying, meditation on the Word) requires use of the frontal lobe of the brain and emphasizes communion with God, thinking His thoughts, sensing His presence, and knowing His will. This is active worship and produces the type of brain waves in the frontal lobe that are very helpful for us all, including the depressed. Hypnosis and the trance-like state of Eastern religious meditation are very harmful; they produce the wrong type of brain waves and information bypasses the frontal lobe, leading to possible mind control.3

Romans 12:2 says, "And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God." Transformed in Greek is metamorphosis and means a change in form; it implies a struggle like when a chrysalis morphs into a butterfly. If we do not become changed from the inside-out--if we do not morph--we will be tempted to find external things to satisfy our needs.
Transformation is not an instantaneous act of God, it is a life-long process (journey). One does not get transformed by just praying, asking or believing; there is no "microwave" (quick and easy) way to spiritual maturity.The passive voice in Romans 12:2 means the Holy Spirit will do the transforming for us if we cooperate with Him (listening, yielding, relying...). Expect spiritual advancement, you can always mature more, Philippians 3:15-16. Your imperfections will be revealed by the Holy Spirit so that you may continue to grow and become more complete (not sinless, but well-rounded). Maturity versus infancy is the issue. God loves you just the way you are, but refuses to leave you that way; He wants you to be made conformable to Christ, II Corinthians 3:18.

Our Lord stripped himself of His glory and "...made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men...and became obedient unto death..." (Phil. 2:7 & 8). His life reminds us of our spiritual growth which often imposes tough lessons, sometimes so tough we shrink back from learning them. It seems we have to learn from actual experience that whatever we depend upon in this life (for joy, comfort, acceptance, etc.), ends up controlling us. God allows and uses life's events to teach us about misplaced dependencies, so that we finally grasp the concept that Christ is our one true sufficiency.

Endnotes

1. 
   Textbook of Natural Medicine, 2nd Edition, J. Pizzorno, ND & M. Murray, ND, Bastyr University.
   


2. 
   Unmasking Male Depression, Archibald Hart, PhD, Word Publications.
   


3. 
   Depression the Way Out, Neil Nedley, MD, Nedley Publishing.
   


4. 
   5-HTP The Natural Way to Overcome Depression, Obesity & Insomnia, M. Murray, ND, Bantom Books.
   


5. 
   Endocrinology and Naturopathic Therapies, 4th Edition, D. Powell, ND, Bastyr University.
   


6. 
   Naturopathic Gastroenterology, E. Yarnell, ND, Naturopathic Medical Press.
   


7. 
   What Your Doctor May NOT tell you About Premenopause, J. Lee, MD, & J. Hanley, MD, Time-Warner Publishing.
   


8. 
   Telling Yourself the Truth, W. Backus, MD, & M. Chapian, Bethany House Publ.
   


9. 
   The Blessings of Brokenness, Dr. C. Stanley, Zondervan Publishing House.
   


10. 
    Your Health Your Choice, M. T. Morter, DC, Lifetime Books, Inc.
    

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical diagnosis, offer prescriptive advice or substitute for a personal health care provider. Anyone taking prescription medications, or wishing to
significantly change his/her lifestyle, is advised to consult with a medical professional with appropriate expertise.

Brainswitching As Post-Hypnotic Suggestion

Although I am a certified hypnotist as well as a board-certified cognitive behavioral therapist, I had not thought of using brainswitching as a post-hypnotic suggestion until I received the following letter from a counselor in Australia.

Isn't the Internet a wonder? Here I am in San Diego, California and in an instant can interact with someone in Australia, and confer with a fellow in my field to share information and keep current with my profession. Here is the letter:

"I am a qualified counselor and a qualified Clinical Hypnotherapist in Australia. It is with great interest that I read an article of yours about brain switching and depression. I hadn't heard of brainswitching before I read the article, and am going to purchase a book about brainswitching on Amazon,,

However, time is of the essence as I am seeing a clinically depressed client on Tuesday. Her husband has stated she is suicidal, so any additional information which you could give me now which would help me with her session on Tuesday would be greatly appreciated.

I was wondering if brain switching could be incorporated as a post suggestion in a hypnotic script, and, if it could,what would be the best way of going about this. Thank you for taking the time to read this email."

What a great idea. Yes, of course any counselor who uses hypnotherapy can use brainswitching as a post hypnotic suggestion. But I had not thought of it until I received that counselor's email. Whenever you think of something you make a new neural pattern of that thought that remains in your memory banks. This is due to the brain's neuroplasticity. When you think of that same thought repetitively, over and over, you make the thought dominant. The brain always follows the direction of its most current dominant thought.

With hypnosis, you accomplish making the thought dominant with your post hypnotic suggestion since the hypnosis trance provides the same strength (dominance) to the thought as thinking the thought over and over repetitively.

Another way to make the thought more dominant is to think the thought during emotional stress. This is why faith healers say "You're cured" Then push the person backwards. The person does not know that someone has been stationed right behind them to cushion their fall, and so experiences emotional stress (fear) at the same time the thought occurs which "sets" the thought (makes it more dominant).

Any counselor has to confer with their patient to mutually decide what thought is to be "set" in the patient's brain and the patient must choose some specific mind exercise to be reminded of by the post-hypnotic suggestion. For myself I have "set" the thought "Do an exercise right away" and "linked it" (through learned association) to occur at the same time a depressive thought occurs.

The patient will have to choose a specific mind exercise to use in place of the depressive thought, then the counselor can link the idea of doing the exercise with the depressive thought so whenever the depressive thoughts pop up, the get-out-of-depression thought pops up simultaneously.

Of course the patient will need to be warned that, since depression deprives us of all motivation (not will, as is often supposed), when the reminder thought to do a get-out-of-depression exercise pops up, the patient will have to move out of their comfort zone to actually do the mind exercise. Number one, they will not "feel" like doing the exercise and, number two, they will have no faith that any exercise will actually work. They must commit themselves to doing the mind exercise "anyway." I have often likened doing the mind exercise to taking a pill. You just do it because you are supposed to, not because you feel like it or because it will do any good.

If someone is suicidal, I would certainly make sure that they not be alone as long as they are suicidal, and that, if they are physically capable, they do some hard physical exercise to tire themselves out--jogging, working out, etc. to deplete some of the stress chemicals.